Nhanganyaya
Kushivirira kwepasirese kunoreva mutsauko unogamuchirwa muhukuru, maumbirwo, kana humwe hunhu hwezvigadzirwa kana masevhisi anotenderwa nemitemo yenyika kana zvibvumirano. Kushivirira uku kunovimbisa kuti zvigadzirwa kana masevhisi anobva kunyika dzakasiyana anogona kuchinjika zviri nyore, kufambisa kutengeserana nedzimwe nyika nekudyidzana. Muchikamu chino, tichaongorora pfungwa yekushivirira kwenyika dzese, kukosha kwavo, marudzi uye magadzirirwo aanoitwa uye kuitwa.
Chikamu 1: Kunzwisisa Kushivirira Kwenyika:
1.1 Tsanangudzo yeKushivirira:
Kushivirira kwepasi rose kunoreva kugona kwevanhu, nzanga, uye nyika kugamuchira nekuremekedza vanhu vanobva kutsika dzakasiyana, zvitendero, marudzi, uye kwakasiyana. Kuziva kuti kusiyana-siyana chinhu chakakosha pakuvapo kwevanhu uye kuti kunofanira kupembererwa nekumbundirwa pane kutyiwa kana kurambwa. Kushivirira kwenyika dzose kwakakosha mukusimudzira runyararo, kunzwisisa, nekushandira pamwe pakati pemarudzi nevanhu pasi rose.
Pakati payo, kushivirira kwenyika dzakawanda kunosanganisira kuziva uye kukoshesa kusiyana kuripo pakati pevanhu. Izvi zvinoreva kubvuma kuti vanhu vane zvitendero zvakasiyana, tsika, tsika, uye tsika, uye kuti misiyano iyi haisi yakanaka kana yakaipa, yakanaka kana yakaipa. Pane kudaro, zvinongova chikamu chezvinoita kuti tive vakasiyana semunhu uye senhengo dzenharaunda huru.
1.2 Kukosha kweKushivirira Kwenyika Dzepasi Pose:
Chekutanga, kushivirira pasi rose kunokurudzira runyararo nekugadzikana. Kana vanhu vanobva kunyika dzakasiyana-siyana netsika vakaungana, panowanzova nokutya kukakavadzana nemhaka yokusiyana kwemutauro, tsika, uye zvitendero. Zvisinei, apo vanhu vakadzidza kushivirira iyi misiyano, sezvingabvira zvikuru vanopinda mukurukurirano ine rugare ndokuwana pokubvumirana. Izvi zvinogona kutungamirira mukugadziriswa kwemakakatanwa uye kusimudzirwa kwerunyararo rwenguva refu nekugadzikana.
Chechipiri, kushivirira kune dzimwe nyika kunokurudzira kuchinjana kwetsika uye kunzwisisa. Nekugamuchira kusiyana-siyana, vanhu vanogona kudzidza nezvedzimwe tsika nemararamiro, izvo zvinogona kuwedzera maonero avo uye kuwedzera ruzivo rwavo. Izvi zvinogona kutungamirira kukukoshesa zvikuru tsika dzakasiyana-siyana uye kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwenyika yakatipoteredza. Kutsinhana kwetsika kunogonawo kutungamirira kukuvandudzwa kwemazano matsva uye hutsva hunobatsira nzanga yose.
Chechitatu, kushivirira kune dzimwe nyika kunokurudzira kukura kwehupfumi nebudiriro. Kana vanhu vanobva kunyika dzakasiyana vakashanda pamwechete, vanouya nehunyanzvi hwakasiyana, ruzivo, uye zviitiko zvinogona kubatsira mukubudirira kwemabhizinesi nemasangano. Izvi zvinogona kukonzera kuwedzera kwekutengeserana, kuisa mari, uye kukura kwehupfumi, izvo zvinogona kubatsira munhu wese anobatanidzwa. Pamusoro pezvo, kushivirira kwenyika dzese kunogona kubatsira kuderedza rusarura nekusaenzana, izvo zvinogona kusimudzira budiriro yehupfumi.
Chechina, kushivirira kune dzimwe nyika kwakakosha pakugadzirisa matambudziko epasi rose akadai sekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, urombo, uye zvirwere. Matambudziko aya anobata vanhu vanobva kumativi ese enyika uye anoda kushanda pamwe chete kuti agadzirise nemazvo. Kushivirira kwenyika dzese kwakakosha pakuunza vanhu pamwechete kuti vashande kune zvinangwa zvakafanana uye kutsvaga mhinduro kumatambudziko akaomarara. Pasina kushivirira, zvingava zvakaoma kuwana kufambira mberi kune musoro panyaya idzi.
Chechishanu, kushivirira kwenyika dzakawanda kwakakosha mukusimudzira kodzero dzevanhu uye kururamisira kwevanhu. Kana vanhu vachishivirira vamwe, vangangoramba vachirwisana norusaruro, rusaruro, uye kusaruramisira. Izvi zvinogona kutungamirira kuchengetedzwa kukuru kwekodzero dzevanhu uye kukurudzirwa kwehutano hwevanhu vose, pasinei nemamiriro avo ezvinhu kana mamiriro ezvinhu.
Chechitanhatu, kushivirira kwenyika dzakawanda kwakakosha pakuchengetedza kuchengetedzwa kwenyika. Munyika yanhasi yakabatana, kutyisidzira kuchengeteka kunogona kubva chero kupi zvako munyika. Kushivirira kwepasirese kwakakosha pakuvaka kuvimbana pakati penyika uye kusimudzira kushandira pamwe munzvimbo dzakaita sedziviriro, hungwaru, uye kuchengetedza mutemo. Izvi zvinogona kubatsira kudzivirira kusawirirana uye kuchengetedza kuchengetedzwa kwenyika.
Chechinomwe, kushivirira kwenyika dzakawanda kwakakosha mukusimudzira budiriro inoenderera mberi. Kubudirira kwakasimba kunoda kuenzanisa kukura kwehupfumi nekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye mutoro wemagariro evanhu. Kushivirira kwepasirese kwakakosha pakuunza vanhu pamwechete kuti vawane mhinduro dzakaenzana uye dzakasimba kune vese. Izvi zvinogona kubatsira kuti zvizvarwa zvinotevera zviwane zviwanikwa zvavanoda kuti zvibudirire.
Yechisere, kushivirira pasi rose kwakakosha mukusimudzira hunhu hwegutsaruzhinji uye utongi hwakanaka. Masangano eDemocratics anovimba nenhaurirano yakavhurika, kutora chikamu, neruremekedzo rwekusiyana. Kushivirira kune dzimwe nyika kwakakosha mukusimudzira tsika idzi uye kuona kuti hurumende dzinozvidavirira kune vagari vadzo. Izvi zvinogona kukonzera kugadzikana kukuru kwezvematongerwo enyika uye hupenyu hwakavandudzwa hwevanhu vese.
Chepfumbamwe, kushivirira kwenyika dzese kwakakosha mukusimudzira hunyanzvi uye hunyanzvi. Kana vanhu vanobva kwakasiyana siyana vakaungana, vanouya nemaonero akasiyana uye mazano anogona kutungamira kune zvitsva zvitsva uye zvigadzirwa. Kushivirira kwenyika dzese kwakakosha pakugadzira nharaunda inokurudzira kusika uye hunyanzvi, izvo zvinogona kubatsira nzanga yese.
Chekupedzisira, kushivirira kwenyika dzese kwakakosha mukusimudzira kukura kwemunhu uye kuzviziva. Kana vanhu vakadzidza kushivirira vamwe, vangangotanga kuva netsitsi
1.4 Zvinhu zveKushivirira Kwenyika Dzese:
Pane zvinhu zvakati wandei zvinofanirwa kutariswa pakumisikidza kushivirira kwenyika kune chikamu kana gungano. Izvi zvinosanganisira:
Basa rekuita: Chinonyanya kutariswa paunenge uchimisa kushivirira ndiko kushanda kwechikamu kana gungano. Kushivirira kunofanira kuiswa kuitira kuti chikamu chigone kuita basa rayo rakatarisirwa mukati memiganhu inodiwa, kunyangwe kana ichigadzirwa neimwe shanduko muhukuru kana chimiro.
Maitiro ekugadzira: Maitiro ekugadzira anoshandiswa kugadzira chikamu kana gungano anofanirwawo kuverengerwa pakumisikidza kushivirira. Maitiro ekugadzira akasiyana anogona kukonzera mazinga akasiyana ekusiyana kwehukuru uye chimiro, saka kushivirira kunofanirwa kuiswa zvinoenderana.
Mutengo: Kushivirira kunogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya pamutengo wekugadzira chikamu kana gungano. Kushivirira kwakasimba kunogona kuda mamwe maitiro ekugadzira akajeka uye matanho akasimba ekudzora emhando, ayo anogona kuwedzera mutengo wekugadzira. Naizvozvo, zvakakosha kuenzanisa kudiwa kwekushivirira kwakasimba nemari yekuzviwana.
Kuchinjana: Kushivirira kwepasirese kwakagadzirirwa kuve nechokwadi kuti zvikamu kubva kune vakasiyana vanogadzira zvinogona kushandiswa zvakasiyana. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kushivirira kunofanira kuiswa kuitira kuti zvikamu zvinobva kwakasiyana zvikwane pamwe chete zvakanaka uye zvishande sezvakarongwa, kunyangwe paine misiyano muhukuru kana chimiro.
Kumira: Kushivirira kunowanzo kugadzwa nemasangano epasi rose akaita se ISO neIEC, ayo anovandudza zviyero zvekubvumirana zvichienderana nezvido zveindasitiri uye hunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi. Aya mazinga anopa mutauro wakafanana wekutsanangura kushivirira uye kuve nechokwadi chekuenderana kune vakasiyana vagadziri uye maindasitiri.
1.5 Mhando dzeKushivirira Kwepasirese:
Geometric tolerances: Geometric tolerances inotsanangura musiyano unobvumirwa muhukuru uye chimiro chechikamu kana musangano. Iwo anowanzo kuratidzwa pachishandiswa zviratidzo zvakaita se + kana - kuratidza kana musiyano uchitenderwa kuva muhombe kana diki pane wezita, uye nhamba dzenhamba kuratidza huwandu hwekusiyana hunobvumidzwa. Mienzaniso yekushivirira kwejometri inosanganisira flatness, circularity, uye perpendicularity.
Kushivirira kwekukodzera: Kushivirira kwekukodzera kunotsanangura misiyano inotenderwa munzira iyo zvikamu zviviri kana kupfuura zvinokwana pamwechete. Rudzi urwu rwekushivirira runowanzo shandiswa kuve nechokwadi chekuti nzvimbo dzekubatana dzakatsetseka uye hadzina hurema hunogona kukanganisa kugona kwavo kuita nemazvo. Kushivirira kwekukwana kunowanzo kuratidzwa pachishandiswa zviratidzo senge + kana - kuratidza kana musiyano uchitenderwa kuva muhombe kana kuti mudiki pane wezita, uye nhamba dzenhamba kuratidza huwandu hwemutsauko unobvumidzwa.
Runout: Runout inotsanangura misiyano inotenderwa mukutenderera kweshaft kana chimwe chinotenderera. Rudzi urwu rwekushivirira runowanzo shandiswa kuve nechokwadi chekuti zvinhu zvinotenderera zvinoshanda zvakanaka uye nguva dzose pasina kukonzera kupfeka zvakanyanya kana kukuvara. Runout inowanzo ratidzwa pachishandiswa zviratidzo zvakaita se + kana - kuratidza kana musiyano uchitenderwa kuva muhombe kana kuti mudiki pane wezita, uye nhamba dzenhamba kuratidza huwandu hwekusiyana hunobvumidzwa.
Chikamu Chechipiri: Kumisikidza uye Kuita Kushivirira Kwepasirese:
2.1 Masangano Epasi Pose:
Masangano mazhinji epasi rese ane basa rekumisa nekuchengetedza zviyero zvine chekuita nekushivirira kwenyika. Mamwe masangano ane mukurumbira anosanganisira:
a. International Organisation for Standardization (ISO): ISO isangano rakasarudzika reUnited Nations rinoona nezvemitemo yenyika.
b. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC): IEC isangano repasi rose rinogadzirira uye kushambadza zviyero zvepasi rose kune ese emagetsi, emagetsi, uye ane hukama matekinoroji.
c. International Telecommunication Union (ITU): ITU isangano rakasarudzika reUnited Nations rinoona nezvekufambiswa kwemashoko pasi rose.
2.2 Basa reMapato eNyika Dzemitemo:
Masangano ezviyero emunyika anoita basa rakakosha mukusimudzira nekushandisa kushivirira kwepasi rose. Ivo vanotora chikamu mubasa remasangano epasi rose, kubatsira mukusimudzira zviyero, uye nekuona kutorwa kwavo uye kuitwa padanho renyika.
2.3 Maitirwo Ekugadzirwa Kwekuregerera Kunyika Dzose:
Maitiro ekumisikidza kushivirira kune dzimwe nyika anowanzo sanganisira matanho anotevera:
a. Proposal: Chikumbiro chemwero mutsva wekushivirira chinoendeswa kune akakodzera epasirese zviyero sangano.
b. Ongorora: Chikumbiro chinoongororwa nenyanzvi dzehunyanzvi kubva kunyika dzenhengo kuti ive nechokwadi chekuita kwayo kwehunyanzvi uye kukosha kwayo.
c. Mvumo: Kana chikumbiro chakabvumidzwa, boka rekushanda rinoumbwa kuti rikurudzire mwero.
d. Kunyora: Boka rinoshanda rinonyora chiyero, ichifunga nezvehunyanzvi, hupfumi, uye zvakatipoteredza zvinhu.
e. Nguva Yekutaura: Iyo dhizaini chiyero inotenderedzwa kune zvakataurwa kune nhengo dzenhengo, masangano enyika, uye vamwe vane chekuita.
f. Ongororo: Maonero anotariswa, uye dhizaini chiyero chinodzokororwa zvinoenderana.
g. Adoption: Iyo yekupedzisira mwero inogamuchirwa nesangano repasi rose zviyero uye yakaburitswa.
h. Kuitwa: Masangano epasi rose anosimudzira kutorwa nekuitwa kweyero yepasi rose yekushivirira mukati menyika dzavo.
2.4 Kuona Kutevedzwa Nekushivirira Kwenyika Dzepasi Pose:
Kuve nechokwadi chekutevedzera kushivirira kwenyika, vagadziri uye vanopa masevhisi vanofanirwa:
a. Iva neruzivo nezve akakodzera epasirese mwero uye kushivirira kunoshanda kune zvigadzirwa kana masevhisi avo.
b. Gadzirisa masisitimu ehutongi hwemhando uye maitiro ekuongorora kudzora nekuchengetedza kushivirira kunodiwa panguva yekugadzira uye kuendesa sevhisi.
c. Nguva dzose
c. Ita zvirongwa zvenguva dzose zvekudzidzisa uye dzidzo yevashandi vavo kuti vawedzere kunzwisisa kwavo kushivirira kwenyika uye kukosha kwavo.
d. Batira pamwe nemasangano epasi rose anoona nezvezviyero uye zvimwe zviremera zvinotonga kuti uwane gwara nerutsigiro pakuteedzera kushivirira kwenyika.
e. Ramba uchitarisa nekuvandudza maitiro avo ekugadzira uye masevhisi kuti uderedze misiyano uye uve nechokwadi chekuteedzerana nekushivirira kwenyika.
f. Bata mukudyidzana nedzimwe nyika uye kupanana ruzivo nevamwe vagadziri uye vanopa masevhisi kusimudzira kunzwisisa uye kutevedzera kushivirira kwenyika.
g. Gara uchiongorora uye kugadzirisa zvirevo zvechigadzirwa uye zvibvumirano zvesevhisi kuti zvienderane neazvino kushivirira kwepasirese zviyero uye zvinodiwa.
Mhedziso
Zvakakosha kuziva kushivirira kwenyika. Inobatsira kuvaka mabhiriji pakati penharaunda uye inosimudzira pfungwa yehugari hwepasi rose uye kugoverana mutoro wekugara zvakanaka kwevanhu vose. Nekuita matanho aya, vagadziri uye vanopa masevhisi vanogona kuona kuti zvigadzirwa zvavo nemasevhisi zvinosangana nezvinodiwa kushivirira kune dzimwe nyika, kufambisa kusanganisa mumusika wepasi rose uye kuwedzera kugutsikana kwevatengi.
Nguva yekutumira: Zvita-18-2023
